U.s. Department Of Health And Human Services - 1120 Words

Introduction The significance of patient privacy and the security of confidential information are increasingly vital given the approval of electronic health records. Healthcare providers have recognized striking prices due to security threats and subsequent breaches. According to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2002), under the Privacy Rule healthcare establishments must establish protections that establish procedures and rules that guarantee least levels of privacy in relation to patient information. When violations are recognized, it is required that a compliant be created by the individual or unit experiencing the violation. In the complaint, the name of the person who participated in the violation, in addition to the nature of the violation, must be comprehensive. The filing of the complaint initiates an investigation by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under HIPAA values (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). Th e establishment of a procedure related to privacy violations has resulted in many cases relating to electronic data breaches. Next is a consideration of two such cases to demonstrate the role of privacy in regards to HIPAA and electronic health database breaches. MEEI and HIPAA Violations A recent case regarding HIPAA violations is that of Massachusetts Ear and Eye Infirmary and Massachusetts Ear and Eye Associates, cooperatively mentioned to as MEEI, involved electronic protected healthShow MoreRelatedU.s. Department Of Health And Human Services1754 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Organization May 4, 1980 the doors of The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) were open. After the passing of the Department of Education Organization Act of 1979 that cause for the removal of the education components from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW). When the doors of HHS were open, the department was led by Patricia Roberts Harris. Ms. Harris was once the secretary of HEW but that all changed. The department started its first year off with 140,000 employeesRead MoreU.s. Department Of Health And Human Services853 Words   |  4 PagesU.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is the primary agency responsible for administering human services throughout the United States for people who are uninsured, isolated or medically vulnerable. It makes healthcare insurance more affordable through the Affordable Care act (ACA), Medicaid, Medicare, and Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Implement and enforce public health safety, provide educ ation and training, research, protect health care rights, and social services. ItRead MoreU.s. Department Of Health And Human Services Essay875 Words   |  4 PagesThe U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is the U.S. government’s principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves. HHS is responsible for almost a quarter of all federal outlays and administers more grant dollars than all other federal agencies combined. The mission of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is to enhance the health and well-being of AmericansRead MoreU.s Department Of Health And Human Services1135 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2010, the U.S Department of Health and Human Services crafted the nation’s 10 year health agenda. Healthy People 2020 outlines key objectives aimed at improving the standard of care health consumers receive by improving both the qua lity and format of health information offered to consumers as well as improving the consumers’ ability to obtain and process that information. These objectives included supporting shared decision-making between patients and providers, increasing health literacy skillsRead MoreU.s. Department Of Health And Human Services1003 Words   |  5 Pages2011 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) developed new rules under â€Å"Obamacare†, aimed at helping doctors, hospitals and other provider’s better coordinate care by implementing Accountable Care Organizations, or ACOs Leavitt Partners has been actively tracking ACOs since 2010 and the number of current ACO’s in the United States as of January 2015 is 744. According to the Leavitt Partners survey, over 23.5 million people are being covered under one of the ACO models (Health AffairsRead MoreThe Polaris Project : The U.s. Department Of Health And Human Services851 Words   |  4 PagesDecemb er 7th, 2007, by Polaris, a non-profit, non-governmental organization, a leader in the global fight to eradicate modern slavery and restore freedom to survivors of human trafficking. Polaris is not a government entity, law enforcement, or immigration authority. Funding is provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and other private donors and supporters. Who: The Polaris Project was founded by Derek Ellerman and Katherine Chon. Derek Ellerman is an American social entrepreneurRead MoreThe Physical Activity Guidelines For Americans ( U.s. Department Of Health And Human Services918 Words   |  4 Pagestime spent performing some form of resistance training versus walking may be the superior choice. Resistance (or strength) training improves a person’s overall health, enhances their quality of life, and can increase life expectancy. According to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008), which is a publication explaining the current recommendation for physical activity by the US government, adults should perform a minimum of 150 minutesRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1232 Words   |  5 Pagesnot seemed to work. Health is very important, when one thinks about it, health is on par with education on the priority list because both of this factor into economic development. If we do not have healthy citizens that do not have their proper vaccines then our life expectancy is going to decrease. When President Barack Obama was first elected into office, one of his main points was the healthcare system in America. He wanted everyone in the United State to have affordable health care and if they wereRead MoreThe Issue That I Am Most Passionate About Is Child Welfare Essay817 Words   |  4 PagesStates (U.S. Department of Health and Huma n Services, 2013). That is approximately 9 children out of every 1,000, who are being subjected to maltreatment. In Kansas, child maltreatment is on the rise, with statistics showing 1,868 child victims in 2012, compared to 1,329, in 2009 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). That being said, Kansas is still below the national average, with 2.6 out of every 1,000 children experiencing maltreatment (U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesRead MoreEssay on Regulatory Agency1189 Words   |  5 Pages2008 The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is one of the many agencies that handle an array of healthcare departments as well as research. The DHHS caters to citizens of all nationalities, race, and ethnicities. The DHHS focus is to protect the health of all Americans and providing the highest level of human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves. The Public Health Service is divided into 42 subdivisions (Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). This

Questions On The Math Class - 934 Words

Wallace Middle school’s students are 51% males and 48% females. Of the 846 students, 65% are Latino, 27% are Caucasian, 3% are African American, and 1% are multi-racial. At Wallace Middle school I observe two classes, eighth grade Pre-AP Algebra and an eighth grade math class. The math class is composed of about 30 students and due to a lack of classroom management they are a handful, to say the least. After careful consideration, I opted to teach Mr. Gutierrez’s first period Algebra class. The learning environment in this class is solid. It is a small class with only 16 students, so they are relatively easy to keep on task. They are a polite and pleasant group of students. The class is primarily Hispanic, with ten Hispanics, two African Americans, and four Caucasians. There are four girls and 12 boys creating a 1:3 ratio of girls to boys. There is only one English language learner, but he has no apparent difficulty in the English department. This same student is also dyslexic, 504 allows him assistance with spelling, reading, and extra time to complete assignments. Due to only having one student who classifies as ELL and SPED modifications to my lesson plans were minimal. The most relevant factor to my pedagogical decisions was the student’s ages and maturity level. Upon reflection I realize teaching is not as easy as I have always assumed it would be. Lesson plans need to be meticulously planned and over planned. My first day of teaching I had not planned enough and myShow MoreRelatedComparative Study On American And Chinese Math763 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican and Chinese Math Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools Research has shown that Chinese students generally score better on math tests than American students do at various grade levels especially in secondary schools. The National Science Foundation reports that in 2008, â€Å"43 percent of all Chinese bachelor’s degrees were awarded in the natural sciences and engineering. In the same year, the share in the United States was just 5 percent† (Yang, 2012). Students’ math knowledge before universityRead MoreQuestions And Answers In Mathematics1049 Words   |  5 Pagesthis far in math. Nelenora stays on task during class and completes assignments on time. It is important that Nelenora slows down when writing exams. Often she rushes through and misses important parts of the questions. I will continue to prompt Nelenora to slow down and carefully read each question. Kessler-4 Kessler shows an excellent understanding of terms covered this far in math. He has been working diligently to complete tasks in class. Sometimes Kessler lacks confidence in math and gets upsetRead MoreA Study On The Classroom903 Words   |  4 PagesAlina was observed during the morning in her third grade class. At the start of the observation, Alina appeared focused and engaged as she worked independently on a math assignment. After a few minutes, Mrs. Hippchen, Alina’s third grade teacher, reviewed the math answers to the class. As Mrs. Hippchen reviewed the answers and called upon students to provide answers, Alina appeared focused as she listened and wrote on her math worksheet. She occasionally looked over at a peer’s paper during the activityRead MoreWhy Do Filipino Students Hate Math1494 Words   |  6 PagesWhy do Filipino students hate math? by jhay on June 16, 2009 X Welcome Googler! If you find this page useful, you might want to subscribe to the RSS feed for updates on this topic. Yesterday, I expected the first meeting of my statistics class to be the start of a boring and tormented semester of taking another math subject. My hatred or lack of enthusiasm in math as a subject stems back to my high school days spent being humiliated in front of class by a teacher who forced us to do manual calculationsRead MoreWhat Was Done By The Faculty Member And / Or Students?909 Words   |  4 Pages1) Describe what happened in this class session. What was done by the faculty member and/or the students? Ms. Connelly started class asking students that needed help with their homework to get it out. Some students opened their homework, but some did not. Ms. Connelly then began writing out and solving homework problems with an overhead projector. One student walked into class late, Ms. Connelly addressed it quickly with little disruption to the class. The student looked around the roomRead MoreMy Experience With Math Education Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pages98% Mexican and working class so my math teacher was similar. She never gave up on us and always pushed us to try harder. Like the teachers that worked with Dr. Q the believed in the under dog and that was who everyone was in my middle school. Low income families who were almost all first generation so she pushed us. She gave us a lot of homework not as busy work but she wanted to make sure we understood it and were prepared for placement test. Overall my experience with math in middle school wasn’tRead MoreI Was Not A Perfe ct Smart Student911 Words   |  4 Pages Shipman’s class of University of Texas Arlington. She is really an intelligent professor with an active teaching style for students to be successful. I like her and so I truly had learned plenty of knowledge from her, who has motivated me to become a confident lady in math now. However, the thing I will never forget about her in my life that she gave me the award â€Å"Bernice Livers Sonricker Endowed Scholarship 2014† even I was not a perfect smart student. Although I have a strong math solving problemRead MoreMy Home Country Korea Has A Reputation For Its Intense Education System Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesMy home country Korea has a reputation for its intense education system. When I was in high school, I used to go to school at 7am, finish class at 4pm, and have self-study time in school until 10pm. The main reason I needed to study that long was because of math and especially Calculus. Calculus took more than half of the math course and therefore was a crucial subject. Experiencing Korean Calculus course is not an experience most students here in Miami can have, so I would like to introduce whatRead MoreRelationship Between Gender And Math1220 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Question Hypotheses Research Question What is the relationship between genders and math comfortability when controlling for class type? Hypotheses Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no statistically significant relationship between gender and math comfortability when controlling for class type. Alternative Hypothesis (HA): There is a statistically significant relationship between gender and math comfortability when controlling for class type. Variables Independent Variables (IV): GenderRead MoreMy Open Math Is A Direct Learning Experience913 Words   |  4 Pages Using My Open Math is a direct learning experience. The home page is set up so that the user can log in with ease, you do not have to click around to a sign in page to input the login information. Even though that may not seem like a hassle, it seemed to be somewhat of a burden when logging into Pearson’s MathLab. Once logged in, it shows the courses being taken on the left in plain sight. This again is a nice feature, as it doesn’t issue any strain on the user trying to do an assignment. Once

Outline of a Wedding Reception Free Essays

Special Occasion Wedding Role: Prayer OUTLINE Hook: Let us bow our heads and feel the presence of the Lord. Thesis: Prayer for the newlyweds. Preview: Lord for the joy of this occasion, we thank You. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline of a Wedding Reception or any similar topic only for you Order Now For Your presence here and now and at all times, we thank You. Protect the newlyweds from evil and temptation, guide them for their every challenges they encountered, and bless Owen and Sheryl and everyone present here. Surround us with Your love now and always. In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. I. Opening A. Introduction of the Prayer 1. Giving respect to the Lord 2. Sign of the cross II. Body A. Praising the Lord B. Asking for forgiveness C. Thanks giving D. Supplication III. Closing In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. Full Speech I. Opening Lets all stand and feel the presence of the Lord. In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. II. Body Heavenly Father, Love has been your richest and greatest gift to this world. Love between a man and a woman which matures into marriage. Today, we celebrate that love. Lord for the joy of this occasion, we thank You. For Your presence here and now and at all times, we thank You. Protect the newlyweds from evil and temptation, guide them for their every challenges they encountered, and bless Owen and Sheryl and everyone present here. Surround us with Your love now and always. III. Closing In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. (Sign of the cross) How to cite Outline of a Wedding Reception, Essay examples

Consumption of Junk Food

Question: Discuss about the Consumption of Junk Food. Answer: Introduction: One of the common activities in the contemporary society is the use of junk foods. These are commercially or rather, ready-to-eat food products sole in the market today. Junk food comprises of food products such as ice cream, soft drinks, gum, candy, snacks, sweet deserts, friend fast food, tacos, sugary carbonated carbohydrates, hamburgers, and pizza (Johnson Kenny, 2010). These food products have become so popular since they are used by a large section of the population. They are also used by the children who can access the food products from the restaurants, supermarkets and fast food retail stores in which they simply place the orders, get served and eat right away (Waddingham, Stevens, Macintyre Shaw, 2015). Junk food has been associated with a number of health issues. Research has established that junk food is not healthy for human consumption because of a number of reasons (Vandevijvere Swinburn, 2015). First, the food has been linked with lifestyle diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and peptic ulcer. Junk food has a high level of sugar and calories. This affects the body in many ways such as increasing the amount of fat in the body, something that exposes it to diseases (Smith, Gray, Fleming Parnell, 2014). Besides, junk food can make people to resort to unhealthy eating habits, a practice that can negatively impact on them in many ways. Apart from making them lazy and hate cooking, junk food can be blamed for the wastage of money, loss of appetite as well as stressful living style (Sacks, et al., 2015). This notwithstanding, junk food still remains a popular option for many people. Research has revealed that the popularity of junk food has been linked to many factors (Wen, Simpson, Rissel Baur, 2013). To begin with, it is a very cheap type of food that can be afforded by many people especially the low income families who have no adequate money to spend on expensive, but healthy food products like fruits and veggies. In addition, junk food is readily available and can be easily accessed from the fast food stores, supermarkets, and restaurants spread across the nation (Feldman Vincent, 2005). Last, but not least, junk food is popular because it is a ready-to-eat product that is quite convenient to use since it requires no cooking once it is ordered. It should therefore be acknowledged that junk food is an issue of health concern that should be taken so seriously. The public needs to be adequately sensitized on what junk food is, its negative impacts on human health and how it can be avoided from causing trouble to human life (Mytton, Clarke Rayner, 2012). Aims The main aim of this research was to find out the reasons for the popularity of junk food in the society. The proposed hypotheses of the research are: 1) is junk food dangerous for human consumption? 2) What kames junk food so popular in the modern society? The research has got 2 main aims. First, is to study the reason why fast food is popular amongst different sections of the society. Secondly, the research aims at finding out the factors that make junk food to be so popular in the modern society. References Feldman, S., Vincent, M. (2005). Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health. London: John Blake Publishing. Johnson, P., Kenny, P. (2010). "Addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats: Role for dopamine D2 receptors". Nature Neuroscience. 13 (5): 63541 Mytton, O. T., Clarke, D., Rayner, M. (2012). Taxing unhealthy food and drinks to improve health. BMJ, 344(7857), e2931. Sacks, G., et al., (2015). Comparison of food industry policies and commitments on marketing to children and product (re) formulation in Australia, New Zealand and Fiji. Critical Public Health, 25(3), 299-319. Smith, C., Gray, A. R., Fleming, E. A., Parnell, W. R. (2014). Characteristics of fast- food/takeaway-food and restaurant/cafe-food consumers among New Zealand adults. Public health nutrition, 17(10), 2368-2377. Vandevijvere, S., Swinburn, B. (2015). Getting serious about protecting New Zealand children against unhealthy food marketing. NZ Med J, 128(1417), 36-40. Waddingham, S., Stevens, S., Macintyre, K., Shaw, K. (2015). Most of them are junk food but we did put fruit on there and we have water What children can tell us about the food choices they make. Health Education, 115(2), 126-140. Wen, L. M., Simpson, J. M., Rissel, C., Baur, L. A. (2013). Maternal junk food diet duringpregnancy as a predictor of high birthweight: Findings from the healthy beginnings trial. Birth, 40(1), 46-51.

Report on how an Asian Company may succeed in Europe

Executive Summary BenQ Company has many expectations concerning the mobile phone industry. It has formulated extensive plans to grow and expand its business products and services in the European market. Europe has an extensively lucrative business environment and many companies always eye the region which has many opportunities for growth and development.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report on how an Asian Company may succeed in Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More BenQ has the same expectations and is embarking on succeeding in the extensively competitive business organization. There is therefore need to critically assess an international market before embarking on investment so as to avoid some of the problems that may befall a company such as; lack of customers, conflict in management, and bankruptcy. Introduction Any business venture needs to employ strategic marketing incentives to succeed in internat ional markets. Before a company decides to indulge in business activities, a thorough research and development is paramount to ascertain the feasibility of such a venture. Lack of conducting a thorough research and development may contribute to massive losses. This is because different countries observe different organizational cultures which must be clearly understood if an investor is hoping to withstand stiff competition that is prevalent in many industries. An investor must possess all the information pertaining to the industry of interest. This paper will formulate strategies suitable to penetrate the International market where companies encounter stiff competition from other businesses offering the similar products and services (Hill 2011). These strategies are necessary to enable a business break even and start earning returns on investment. There are various considerations to be brought on board bearing in mind the cultural difference in Asia and Europe. These have to be con sidered as they have a role to play in ensuring business failure or success. There is every need to embark on proper marketing strategies to ensure the success of a business. Marketing in business is paramount as it makes the difference between succeeding and failing. Marketing may encompass thoroughly evaluating your competitors so that their strengths and weaknesses are known.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This gives the potential business an edge in formulating its entry strategy. This entry strategy should be clearly strategized as it would be the vocal point to handle the other competitors effectively. A weak entry strategy means weak survival tactics in a highly competitive environment. Discussion Before highlighting on the necessary measures needed for a company to succeed in the lucrative European market, it is necessary to revisit briefly, BenQ’s case so a s to understand what measured need be taken. BenQ is a company based in Taiwan, specialising in mobile phones products and services. The company had a vision to be a leader in the mobile phone industry by offering the best products and services. Based in Taiwan, the first mission was to offer unrivalled mobile phone services in Asia that would make advancements to other regions including Europe (Chow 2002). BenQ was determined to make a mark in the mobile phone industry even after it acquire Siemens to form a new company; BenQ Mobile. BenQ Mobile later became bankrupt after encountering massive losses. These losses emanated from poor marketing and management strategies which resulted to bankruptcy and closure of the business. Before any company decides to engage in international acquisitions, it has to effectively understand the company it intends to acquire so as to be well served with all necessary information. This information should include; the products of the company it intend s to acquire, the number of employees in this new company, the years the company has been in operation, how well the new company is received in its host country. This information should guide any company that intends to engage in international business acquisitions. One important factor to consider is the host country the company intends to conduct its businesses. This is extremely paramount as different countries have different people who express different cultures. Some of the things to consider before indulging in international business are;Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report on how an Asian Company may succeed in Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Culture of the potential customers Why it is important to consider the potential country is important in any business. This is in respect to the culture factor expressed above and it affects the business in many ways. One way that culture affects business is; because different people have different cultures, there may be some cultures that may not use the products that are intended to be sold in the foreign country. An example is a company dealing in pork products, which may not be allowed to deal in their products in a country whose population does not eat or use pork products. This example explains the need to consider the country where a company decides to take its products. Culture is important as it dictates whether a company’s product will be accepted or not. It is also important to consider culture of that foreign country because; different cultures dictate different purchasing behaviours (Aspelund, Madsen Moen 2007). It is paramount to be aware of the inhabitants of that country where the products are intended to be taken, in this case; Germany. Germany has one of the most advanced technological infrastructures. This is one factor that should attract BenQ to Germany. This would ensure BenQ does not encounter connecti vity problems once in Germany, as problems in connectivity may contribute to customer losses. These customers are what the company is looking for and therefore, all measures should be put in place to ensure they (customers) are not disappointed with telecommunication connectivity problems. Germany also offers ready market for mobile phones as the country has already attracted numerous investors who deal in other businesses. These businesses are in need of customers and noting that there has to be communication between investors and their customers, mobile phone business may perform well in Germany (GFK 2012). Customers in Europe possess different purchasing behaviours compared to customers in Asia. Since BenQ is a Taiwan Company with intentions of investing in Europe, this is one factor the company should not overlook. Customers in Europe will be the people who will contribute the success or failure of BenQ in Europe. For this reason, it is important to assess and know their purchas ing behaviours. This will have prepared the company in evaluating strategies that would take care of the difference in purchasing behaviours in Europe.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is noteworthy to note that in Europe, there are different approaches that can express consumer behaviour. These are; the socio-economic and explanatory variables. The socio-economic variables make the external variables while the explanatory make the internal factors. It is indispensable to note that products used by the European customers may constitute signs that permit these customers articulate their social standing. It is also worth noting the price tied to membership to a certain social class. An example to note is the way Mercedes Benz has been associated with a certain class and this can be used by BenQ to assess if these European customers have a brand to which they offer much class. Europe has a culture where people like to be served with speed. This means that time is much valued in Europe and this would be considered before embarking on a business venture in Germany. BenQ’s products should serve the needs of these potential customers with speed and this can be achieved easily as BenQ’s products have had no problems at home regarding speed. This would assist in evaluating a brand that would be well received by the foreign customers (Chisea 2000). All these considerations are associated to the assessment of culture and purchasing behaviours of the potential customers. Another thing worth noting under culture is the reference groups. These are the groups known to influence the behaviour of customers in relation to the perceived risk. Examples in this category are the famous green customers who associate themselves with products that have less or no demerits to the environment. There may be such groups in the foreign country that a company is intending to invest and there is reason, therefore, to conduct thorough research concerning such groups. If a country is made up of a larger percentage of such groups, then a company must re-evaluate its products if they meet the requirements of such a group and make necessary resolutions. Since B enQ is a Taiwan company interested in investing in Europe, it falls under the category of â€Å"Catch-Up† R D. This is broken down to mean that the company coming to invest in Europe is from a developing nation. This developing nation wants to invest in a developed nation and there is, therefore a need to consider any inclination of homogeneity prevalent in Germany. This trend involves a certain population who may be the minority in such an environment, but may be willing to undertake their products. Such a group exists in Germany and is usually made of the business people elite, the young, as well as, the opinion leaders. Germany has a potential market for mobile phone products as it emerged the second after the United Kingdom, in purchasing smart phones (GFK 2012). Entry strategy For BenQ to get into the European market, it has to adopt an entry strategy that will give it a grip. An option is acquiring T-mobile Company to introduce its products to Germany. T-mobile company has been experiencing problems and would therefore be possible to get into an agreement with. An ailing company is mostly in need of financial support so as to remain relevant in the business sector. T-mobile has been experiencing problems with their handsets whereby customers using them have been experiencing connectivity problems. This has led to an outcry from the customers who feel disappointed by the services offered by T-mobile (Wyatt Wortham 2011). Customers have been complaining about network problems and this is has resulted to a massive exodus of customers from the company. This has left T-mobile Company at the brink of closure after a massive exodus and the unwillingness of new customers to seek its services, putting the company in a financial crisis. There are some advantages that may be accrued by BenQ from acquiring this company. Some of these include; gaining a high level of competitiveness, getting leverage in finances, lowering the cost of production, raising the market share, achieving administrative benefits, and improving on profitability (Bennett Blythe 2002). Cost of operation will be reduced in the sense that, T-mobile has been in operation and therefore, it had met these costs already when it started. This means that BenQ will not have to meet those costs again. As T-mobile had been in existence, it had established its own market share in the mobile phone industry and therefore, BenQ will acquire an existing market share, although there will be extensive work to be done to redeem the fading image of T-mobile. Acquiring a company offers another company an avenue to get into a new marker and since BenQ wants to get to Europe, this is one way of getting there. Acquiring this company would make the presence of BenQ known in Germany, especially among other competitors and customers alike. In business, a company’s presence has to be felt to offer psychological effects to would be customers as they would start wondering about such a company. By talking about the company, customers would be curious to get a chance to try its services after witnessing such an action of acquiring another company. The new BenQ resulting from acquiring T-mobile, would be cost efficient compared to the company it had acquired. Another benefit that BenQ will enjoy is the possession of labour which is available from the acquired company. Since T-mobile already had workers, BenQ will not embark on searching for new who may be lacking in experience. Those who were already working for T-mobile had experience and can be used effectively by BenQ. Possession of such information while deciding to acquire or merge with another company is vital as it may offer options to the company intending to invest in international business opportunities (Aspelund, Madsen Moen 2007). Proper marketing is vital as the potential international investor gets more information about the host country and all its challenges. This would assist in eliminating many pr oblems such as were experienced by BenQ earlier while it acquired Siemens. Lack of proper management and marketing were cited as the causes of the business failure. The company could continue making phones with no returns on investment. This is a dangerous trend that has to be avoided if BenQ is determined to get ahead of the stiff competition prevalent in Europe. Organizational culture For an organisation to be assured of meeting its development goals and objectives, it has to enforce an organisational culture that will work for it. An organisation culture is paramount in any organisation as it combines the workers who are all team players in the said organization. Achievements of organizational goals and objectives cannot be possible if there is no formidable organizational culture. There are two types of organizational cultures, namely; divergence and convergence (Offereins Fruytier 2007). Divergence as defined by Ralston states indicates that individuals from a society are guid ed by the socio-cultural influence to preserve the precise standards system of the culture in the course of time, irrespective of other probable influences prevalent such as; changes in the political scene, technological, and economical (Ralston 2008). Convergence, on the other hand, is defined that; individuals are motivated by technological influence to expand a standards system that is unswerving with the technology of their society, irrespective of the socio-cultural influences (Ralston 2008). These two give an insight on what should be considered by a company to succeed in competitive markets. Since BenQ is determined to be offer technological services both at home and in the foreign country, convergence is the best form of organizational culture. BenQ is determined to be a technology strong point in the mobile phone industry, there is need, therefore, to use the convergence organizational structure. This is because the company is technologically oriented (Orlikowski 2000). Thi s is what should motivate the individuals in BenQ as the company is concerned with technology. This is the same technology the company has been observing in Taiwan and even though the two countries have different cultures, there is need to utilise the convergence organisational culture. This is contrary to divergence culture which is guided by socio-economical values rather than technology or economic change. When used effectively, this type of organizational culture would assist in creation of shareholder value. It is vital to note that shareholders have high expectations regarding the running and controlling of an organization. Shareholders are concerned and would like their company gain beneficial returns on investment. Shareholders would like to witness the increase in the number of customers as the organization moves towards achieving and improving profitability, improving margins which are enhanced by a reduction of costs of operation, utilising assets effectively, and ensurin g financial risks are achieved. Convergence mode would play a significant role in ensuring all the above are met as workers are united by the technological aspect and would forge ahead in ensuring they meet their set targets. This mode would therefore assist BenQ in achieving the set goals and objectives in a foreign country where competition is high. Workers would be driven by achieving customer satisfaction which will give rise to adding value to shareholders as stated above, to ensure the growth and development of the company. Convergence organizational mode promotes customer value proposition as workers will be geared to attracting more customers through their services (Ralston 2008). The difference in cultures would be exploited as the organization endeavours to meet customer’s fundamental requirements. BenQ will be in need of customers to remain relevant in the international market and, therefore, all the company’s activities would be geared towards achieving tho se goals. Convergence gives an allowance towards the achievement of the said goals. BenQ Company can also use the R D integrated network, which has numerous merits. In this network, the company has the capabilities of undertaking strategic roles that affect the entire company (Pudelko Harzing 2008). This would give the company the aptitude indispensable to influence the proficiency of each unit for the promotion of the entire company. This raises the global efficiency of R D to another level and BenQ as a company is in need of such a network (Gassmann von Zedwitz 2002). This would go a long way in handling the culture prevalent in Europe. It would assist the workers of BenQ serve clients faster while promoting efficiency which would go a long way in ensuring business continuity in Germany, where speed and efficiency are highly valued by clients. Bearing in mind the stiff competition in Europe for mobile phone services, there is a need to enhance efficiency and competency so as to succeed in such competitive business environments (Gassman von Zedwitz 1999). Inefficiency may easily lead a company lose customers such as T-mobile. To ensure efficiency is enhanced, all products used should comply with the set rules and regulations of the foreign countries. That would be a step towards achieving efficiency. Another step towards efficiency would be making sure all workers are made aware of the organisation’s goals and objectives. This would make it easier to handle any prevalent challenges in the organisation. When workers are fully aware of what they are expected to accomplish, it becomes easier to facilitate the achievement of the laid down objectives in their respective departments in the organization. Conclusion and Recommendations It is prevalent that for any business venture to succeed, thorough market research should be conducted lest a business sinks to failure. Conducting a thorough R D would ensure a company does not indulge in business activiti es that may later result to unmanageable losses (Buderi, Weber, Hoots Neff 1991). In this era of stiff competition and business mergers and acquisitions, it is mandatory to conduct a thorough R D analysis which will help in determining the feasibility of such an undertaking (Ball 2006). This would take care of the cultures of the company intending to undertake the business venture in question, as well as, the culture of the foreign country where the business is intended to be based. A proper R D enables avoidance of mistakes as they can be detected early when answering question like the choice between convergence and divergence. Critical definition of such organisational cultures would highlight any mistakes that may have been made concerning certain decisions. BenQ should ensure it attracts and maintains customers so as to experience the expected growth in the international market while continuing to offer excellent services back at home. It is vital to balance progress and deve lopment in a foreign country while maintaining the same standards back at home so as not to lose focus. Having evaluated all the positions available, BenQ may go ahead with the business venture being aware of the stiff competition in the international market, but with the will to succeed and remain relevant in the mobile phones industry. References Aspelund, A, Madsen TK Moen O 2007, â€Å"A review of the foundation, international maketing strategies, and performance of international new ventures,† European Journal of Marketing, vol. 41, no. (11-12), pp. 1423-1448. Ball, DA 2006, International business: the challenge of global competition. McGraw-Hill/ Irwin, New York. Bennett, R Blythe, J 2002, International marketing: strategy planning, market entry implementation, Kogan Page Publishers, Philadelphia. Buderi, R, Weber, J, Hoots, C Neff, R 1991, â€Å"A tighter focus for RD.† Business week, no. 2, pp. 80-84. Chisea, V 2000, â€Å"Global RD project management and organization: a taxonomy, The journal of productive innovation management, vol. 17, pp. 341- 359. Chow, PC 2002, Taiwan in the global economy: from an agrarian economy to an exporter of hi-tech products. Greenwood Publishing Group, Connecticut. Gassman, O von Zedwitz, M 1999, â€Å"New concepts and trends in international RD organization,† Research-Policy, vol. 28, no. (2-3), pp. 231-250. Gassmann, O von Zedwitz, M 2002, â€Å"Market versus technology drive in RD internationalization: four different patterns of managing research and development,† Research-Policy, vol. 31, pp. 569- 588. GFK 2012, Demand for smart phones higher than ever before in Europe, Nuremburg, EU, viewed on https://www.gfk.com/ Hill C.W.L. 2011, International Business: competing in the global marketplace, 8th edn. McGraw-Hill/ Irwin, New York. Offereins, A Fruytier, B 2007, â€Å"Organising R D in globalised context: convergence or divergence? the relative influence of Dutch and foreign culture s on the organisational structure of R D in multinational corporations,† Management Review, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 466-483. Orlikowski, W 2000, â€Å"Using technology and constituting structures: a practice lens for studying technology in organizations,† Organization science, vol. 11, pp. 404-428. Pudelko, M Harzing, A 2008, â€Å"The golden triangle for MNCs: Standardization towards headquarters practices, standardization towards global best practices and localization.† Organizational Dynamics, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 394-404. Ralston, D 2008, â€Å"The cross-vergence perspective: reflections and projections.† Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 27-40. Wyatt, E Wortham J 2011, â€Å"AT T Merger with T-mobile faces setbacks,† The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/25/technology/att-deal-with-t-mobile-takes-a-step-back.html?_r=1pagewanted=all This report on Report on how an Asian Company may succeed in Europe was written and submitted by user Jerome Gamble to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Did Oliver Cromwell Achieve his Objectives Essay Example

Did Oliver Cromwell Achieve his Objectives Essay Example Did Oliver Cromwell Achieve his Objectives Essay Did Oliver Cromwell Achieve his Objectives Essay To begin answering this question, one must first identify what Cromwells objectives actually were. The three main aspects that really concerned Cromwell were political, social and religious. Oliver was a very undecided man and often his aims were unclear. He is one of the most controversial figures in history and head of Britains only republican government to date. There is little doubt that his religion was most important to Cromwell, and that his aims in this area spilled over into his other policies. Almost everything he did was mingled with the idea of providence or the will of God as he saw it; he often used God to cloak his true ambitions.Cromwells main objectives were indisputably the healing and settlement and Godly reformation of the country. The problem that arises is that they are incompatible and almost contradict each other; this incompatibility and contradiction goes as deep as his own personality. The most important factor in Cromwells life was God. Cromwell was origin ally from the lower gentry and a social conservative at heart, but a radical zealot at the same time. This most unusual radical conservatism (or in the words of Blair Wordon ideological schizophrenia) was the cause of most of the failures he suffered; he could never satisfy both sides effectively.It is possible that this was genuine schizophrenia, as before he found God he was diagnosed with melancholy [depression] by a physician. He also had a peculiar character for a ruler and was well known for his often bad etiquette and practical jokes. After the religious awakening that apparently cured him of his depression, from the early 1630s onwards he was a devout protestant. He became zealous fanatically religious and from then on anything that happened was, in Cromwells eyes, a direct result of Gods will.He was a soldier and every battle was a religious event; his army was the instrument of God. This idea of providence plays a major part in most of his active decisions. In his strif e for both a settlement and a Godly reformation he experimented with a number of different parliaments and constitutions. Notably, Cromwell was fairly tolerant of different religious sects. This was unlike any former head of state in England indeed, there had been many killed during the reign of the Tudors in the name of religion, and the national religion changed many times. Cromwell was far more liberal and allowed many Protestant sects such as Baptists and Presbyterians. However, Catholics were most definitely not welcome and Cromwell went as far as to denounce Papists (and Cavaliers) as uns of this can be seen in both the Rump and Barebones parliaments.The Rump, in Cromwells zealous opinion, had become estranged from God; in the dissolving speech he called the MPs drunkards and whoremasters and men who were scandalous to the profession of the gospel. The Barebones however, was too radical for Cromwells conservative side; they threatened to sweep hierarchical social order away i n a torrent of reforms. While Cromwell might not have been able to get on well with parliaments, MPs in general liked him no better. Two things they hated were religious liberty and the army (mainly because of the armys huge influence in government), and Cromwell was strongly associated with both.It took Cromwell weeks to decide not to accept the crown. His eventual decline of the offer was ultimately down to his strong will to do Gods bidding. By providence God had shown that the capital punishment of Charles I was right, and the army had fought a most unpleasant civil war for parliament and a change in the constitution. He knew that the army would have been likely to rise up against him if he accepted, as this is just what they had fought to remove. However, Cromwell was not at all happy with the execution; his conservative side longed for a peaceful settlement with the king.What probably took him so long to decline was that he knew the crown could have provided the settlement the country needed. It is clear that the majority of the population were in a way lost without a divine king to rule them, and this can be seen with the benefit or retrospect as the crown was back only two years after Cromwells death. However there is in addition a less spiritual reason; if Cromwell had accepted he would have had reduced powers to carry out the reforms he wanted; his powers as Lord Protector were far greater than the kings. Perhaps he was also contemplating whether or not the crown was one of his objectives. He had risen through the ranks from a lowly country squire to overlord and was then in a position to become king. It was surely his zealous side that prevented him, even if his it would have been the ultimate goal for his conservative side.The Major-Generals experiment of 1655-56 was quite a drastic step to take, but the embarrassing defeat of the Western Design made it necessary by providence. Just as victories showed Cromwell that God was on his side, such a defe at must mean he had lost Gods support. The Major-Generals were possibly the closest Cromwell actually came to creating the godly nation he sought for. This objective was never fully achieved, but there was at the very least a reformation of manners to turn people to do the will of God which he achieved for a while. The Major-Generals were authoritarian regional figures, in control of every aspect of life. Firstly security was the objective as there had been some Royalist uprisings, but they were also there to see Cromwells reformation of manners to fruition.They went on a purge of all things un-Godly such as brothels, blasphemy and adultery down to drinking and swearing, which was met by the general population with apathy at best. There were only a small few zealots who shared Cromwells passion for Godliness, and this is really why Cromwell achieved none of his main objectives: Apart from his declared enemies, there was the majority of the country who were far more interested in s ettlement than reformation, or just not interested at all. After only a year as if Cromwells want for healing and settlement had gained control over his will for reformation again. Nevertheless, for as long as he actually pursued the reformation of manners it was effective, and Cromwells England became a marvellous protestant role model for the rest of the world.One area in which Cromwell did appear successful was foreign policy. Spains Catholicism was unforgivable and England remained at war with them, however peace was made with the Protestant Dutch. Despite the failure of the Western Design and the expense of this war there were many great victories over Spain, notably in the Mediterranean under Admiral Blake and Jamaica was brought under English rule. Closer to home the republic slowly gained control over Scotland and Ireland making Britain a reality; Cromwell himself leading his army In Ireland for example. Nearly all of Cromwells actions regarding foreign policy promoted Engla nd as a major Protestant power with a competent army this was one major objective that was actually achieved.Certain incidents such as the slaughter of civilians at Drogheda were all part and partial of crushing Irish and Royalist risings; Cromwells justification is that killing these people, will tend to prevent the effusion of blood for the future. At the time the alliance made with France against Spain was an effective policy, although some historians think that Cromwell should have noticed France overtaking Spain in power. If he had allied with Spain and fought France then both Catholic nations would be weakened, but Englands long nurtured hatred of Spain far outweighed this. I believe that it would have been impossible at the time to predict Englands later conflict with the French.There are many other areas of success under the Lord Protector and Commonwealth. The country was not only internationally respectable, but also domestically very secure. Amongst some of the law refor m was a decree passed so that all legal proceedings were to be conducted in the English language, not Latin. To bring the whole country more in line with his religious aspirations he sent reliable clergy to Wales and Scotland as part of the Acts for the Propagation of the Gospel. A modern and impressive navy was also constructed, and most of the old rivalries disappeared. Indeed, people like Thomas Mainwaring in particular held banquets at which old civil war adversaries dined together. An obvious example of Cromwells own personal achievement was his military prowess. He rose through the ranks to become head of the best army England had known, and it was this position that enabled him to take on the role of Lord Protector after the regicide.Cromwells main objective of Godly reformation was essentially a failure that resulted in the restoration of the monarchy a mere two years after his death. The reasons for this failure are twofold: The apathy or unwillingness of the population tow ards becoming Gods nation and Cromwell himself. He could not manage to create one stable government in all his time as Lord Protector. And although he failed in his main task in the long run, it was a noble attempt that set a precedent in world politics. The progress made to settle and heal the country made their mark too. Cromwells zeal had got him to the number one spot in the country, but once there he was did not appear to be able to make good his ideals. Cromwells early life and upbringing as an English gentleman held him back from any tangible radical reformation and the ideas of settlement and reformation were in continuous conflict in his mind.

Review of the Literature 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Review of the Literature 4 - Essay Example The past Islamic Revolutions demanded social transformation, alongside cultural, political, and religious renewal, but in reality, some key Muslim political leaders have not used populism to truly uplift the lives of their fellow believers. In Chapters seven to nine of Global Islamic Politics, Mir Zohair Husain explores the Iranian Islamic revolution and how it catapulted the importance of forming a genuinely Islamic state. The Islamic Revolution in Iran is pivotal to Islams resurgence, because it demonstrates the influence and power of Revolutionary Islamism in driving the affairs of the political economy. Husain, nevertheless, indicates the failure of revolutionary Islamists to change the lives of the poor masses for the better, as the former also become entrenched in traditional politics and aspire power for its own sake. Khomeini, in particular, has not effectively improved the socio-economic condition of his people during his rise to power. In "The Islamic Republic," Ervand Abra hamian argues that â€Å"populism† is a better concept that would fully grasp â€Å"Khomeinism.† Populism refers to the middle class and its movement that mobilized the lower class in rejecting the Wests brand of capitalism, imperialism, and political ideologies (Abrahamian 17). Populist movements desire to solve social problems of poverty through cultural, social, and political transformation (Abrahamian 17). This transformation has its roots in Islam, where the classical age is considered as the ideal and best model for Islamic states (Abrahamian 17). Abrahamian stresses that â€Å"opportunistic populism† is the only category that fits the ideological movement of â€Å"Khomeinism.† What is opportunistic in Khomeinis populism is that in his writings, he does not call for important social changes and related revolutions. Instead, he used popular

History- access to humanities and social science Essay

History- access to humanities and social science - Essay Example Social class structures were beginning to break down as common men were able to make fortunes in industry and landowners found it more and more difficult to keep the idyllic life they’d constructed alive. Women, too, were beginning to question their allotted place in society as more and more opportunities opened for them in the urban centers of the country, providing them with a means of supporting themselves and freeing themselves from the yoke of male domination. However, at the same time, these positions were not the equal rights positions of modern times, so it was often difficult to determine whether one wanted to sacrifice freedom for comfort or comfort for freedom. Rarely was it possible to attain both. All of these social and economical concerns can be found in the novels written during this time period. â€Å"The Victorian novel, with its emphasis on the realistic portrayal of social life, represented many Victorian issues in the stories of its characters† (Gre enblatt, 2005). By looking at the literature of the age, one can begin to gain a sense of how ideas of gender affected the lives of Victorian men and women whether they were struggling to uphold them or struggling against them. Issues of gender, education and sexuality were tremendous stumbling blocks over which numerous fictional characters and real Victorians had to struggle in order to maintain a respectable standing in society. Within the patriarchal society of the Christian nations, men were expected to operate according to specific rules of behavior, namely that they were to be heterosexual, virile, yet also constrained and sensible of a woman’s good name. It was all right to have intercourse with women to whom one was not married, but that woman must be of a much inferior social status and must not be allowed to cross these boundaries. In novels such as Wuthering

Justification for an Internal Control System Essay - 1

Justification for an Internal Control System - Essay Example have become crucial risks factors that have resulted in huge economic loss for its shareholders as well adversely affecting its credibility in the market. Another factor is that the increasing dynamic business environment and the volatility in the market have greatly increased the risks to the interests of the stakeholders. Risks have been defined as ‘the possibility of loss as a result of the combination of uncertainty and exposure flowing from an investment decision or a commitment’ (Boritz, 1990). All the factors and element of governance, that adversely affect and dilute the rights of the shareholders and other stakeholders of the organization, are risks that need to be addressed urgently. Hence, effective internal control system has become the need of the hour. The current approach is valid because the insurance and portfolio approach is partially equity linked and relies on the dynamic allocation of portfolio such that the stakeholders are protected by guarantee of minimum wealth at a specified time period (Basak, 2002). Though the current approach helps safeguard assets, the highly competitive nature of emerging new models of global business has increased the risks and responsibilities of the organizations. The existing system also lacks transparency that not only corrodes the trust of the investors but it also has long term repercussion on market credibility and performance outcome. The global financial crisis and recessive trends require more control mechanisms to meet the challenges of the changing paradigms of the global business that have considerable impact on the confidence building processes of the capital market. The new system of internal control is designed to boost the confidence of the investors and improve market credibility and performance outcome. The internal controls of the company are various inter-related processes within its different departments which facilitate smooth operation, conforming to the

Paul The Apostle Of The New Testament Religion Essay

Paul The Apostle Of The New Testament Religion Essay Paul the Apostle is one of the most important people in the New Testament. He wrote more books in the New Testament than any other author. This man did not start out as the person he was in the end however, for he was not always a Christian or lover of them. For a person to know who they are and where they come from is one thing, but to trade all one knows in for a different identity, life, and religion is something else altogether. Paul lived a life that was life changing, as well as world changing, to those he came into contact with. Paul was a very hard and rugged man and would not have made it through everything he encountered if it had not been for; the way he was raised as Saul, his conversion to Christianity, and his ability to place the mission of God before his own. Paul was born as Saul in the city of Tarsus, a commercial city in Asia Minor, located not too far from the Mediterranean coast. He more than likely was named after the first king of Israel, King Saul. His mother and father were Jewish, his father being a Pharisee from the family line of Benjamin, the son of Jacob. Being born and raised in a place like Tarsus made him aware of many other types of people from all walks of life. He encountered sailors, soldiers, merchants, wealthy and poverty stricken people. He also learned the trade of tent making while growing up in order to earn a decent living. In the tradition of the family during that time, whatever the father did as a trade the sons did also. The textile industry of that day, which included tent making and outer garments, did a fairly lucrative profession back then due to the presence of the sailors and soldiers ordinarily needing shelter from the elements. Not only was Saul born a Jew but he was also a Roman citizen. No one kno ws for sure; however it was Roman law that if a person was born free anywhere in the Roman Empire then they were Roman citizens. When males were born to Jewish parents they were dedicated to the service of God and brought up in very strict Jewish religious custom. Sauls mother read the Torah to him until around age four or five and then his father became his teacher for a year. By the time he was about six years old he was taken to school to learn the teachings of Moses in Hebrew and Greek, memorizing them as the teacher recited them. This took a lot of hard work and concentration on a young childs part but this is how serious his parents were about their tradition and religious belief. At fourteen or fifteen years old it was off to rabbinical school to study under Gamaliel, who was considered the master Rabbi. After studying under Gamaliel he became a Pharisee, for he said of himself in the bible; Men and brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee (Acts 23:6). (Nelson) In the transition of studying in Tarsus and then studying in Jerusalem, Saul discovered that to be a Pharisee meant something totally different. He had learned that in Tarsus, it meant to observe the teachings of Moses and its interpretations by the Rabbi. In Jerusalem it meant to be a separatist and legalistic in your views concerning the Law. This is a major turning point in the life Saul. These men sought to hurt or even kill anyone who opposed them or called them out on their wrong doing. This is the advanced education Saul now received and had a fire in his heart to carry out this new standard of belief and teaching, this belief system that exchanged the spirit of the law for the letter of the law. Unlike the person he was a few years earlier he now becomes a crazed, heartless, religious fanatic that desires to destroy anyone that believes openly what is contrary to what he believes. He gets to the point where he not only kills Christians but because of his deep hatred for them, he a lso rounds them up to bring them into the city for torture, entertainment and sport. He goes all out persecuting Christians for what he believes is right; things like getting written permission to drag people from their homes to bring them to Jerusalem; until one day he has an experience on the Damascus road. (Boyd) While traveling from Jerusalem to Damascus on a mission to round up Christians, Saul had an experience he would never forget. As he rode down the Damascus road, all of a sudden he fell off the horse he was riding and a bright light shined all around him. (Acts 9:3-4) (Nelson) So bright in fact, that he was blinded by it. He heard a voice he thought to be a man but later recognized that it was not a man but the very Christ he persecuted by persecuting the Christians. This was another major turning point in the life of Saul. He now goes from persecuting, killing, beating, and torturing Christians to becoming one. His blindness lasted for three days and then he was healed of his blindness by the laying on of hands as it had been previously told to him. His name now is changed from Saul to Paul and he leaves Damascus and goes to Arabia in order to get to know the God of his salvation personally. He knows who God is by the letter of the written law but now needs to know Him by the spirit, so he gets away for approximately three years to spend time with God. After Paul returns to Damascus he proves hands down that Jesus is the Messiah, just like Jesus said He was, and the Jews there tried to kill him because he now preached the truth of the law they knew and recited. Pauls escaping with his life from this death attempt became the catalyst to him going from place to place and city to city spreading the Gospel. He was however, made an Apostle, and commissioned to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles, the Grecians and all the non Jewish people, and convert them to Christianity and not the Jews. (Boyd) Paul began to travel on what is known as his missionary journeys throughout Asia Minor encountering manifold crises and near death experiences. He forged very strong relationships with men and women of like passion for God and His work as well as establishing many churches and installing pastors to oversee them as he traveled. He visited the churches he established and wrote letters to them when he could not physically be there. These letters came to be known as the Pauline epistles in the New Testament. These same letters serve today as direction and guidance for holy living. Paul the Apostle was shipwrecked several times, attacked, arrested, beaten with rods, and left for dead; yet persevered until he had accomplished his mission. Absolutely nothing but death would keep Paul from fulfilling the destiny that was his to complete and he did not taste of death until he knew he was ready. However, when the time had come for him to die they executed him. Ordinarily, they would have cruci fied him but it was unlawful to crucify a Roman citizen, so he was beheaded. Paul the Apostle was a great man in history and his life lives on through the pages of Holy Scripture. (Boyd) Citations Boyd, Robert T. Paul the Apostle. Iowa Falls: World Bible Publishers, 1995 Holy Bible: King James Version. Nashville: Nelson, 1999

The Road Away from the Beast :: Personal Narrative Medicien Papers

The Road Away from the Beast It all starts with a dull pain that is inside my head. The starting point varies from the base of my skull, to my temple, or just behind my right eyeball. I know that if I do not catch this nuisance quickly enough, it will become a beast and have the potential to keep me bedridden for days. The beast does not always stay for days. Sometimes, it presents itself and then transforms into a more mild animal, which is more bearable but keeps me company for as long as a week. When I feel him coming, I immediately feel helpless. I force my mind to take me to another place; a place where this beast's strength is weaker than mine. Unfortunately, I can only beat him 10% of the time. The rest of the time, he beats me and I dread even more his next unannounced visit. The second lunch bell just rang and I went back to my desk after approaching my third grade teacher, Sister Patricia Rose. I never liked Sister Patricia Rose and this day, I had even more reason not to like her for she disregarded my request to go home. "Just put your head down on your desk," was Sister's response to my ill feeling. Perhaps she did not agree that a headache was a good enough reason to leave school, but she had no idea as to what kind of headache I was suffering. As I had predicted, my headache was getting worse. The pounding was strong and focused behind my eyes. If I could just rip my eyes out, I would get relief. Then I knew it had gone too far when I began to feel the nausea. With tears in my eyes, I made one last attempt to raise my hand and ask Sister Patricia Rose if I could go to the office, but again, she refuses and strictly replies, "Just keep your head down on the desk." I could feel my mouth started to salivate, like it usually does when I get sick from a migraine headache. While tears rolled roll from my eyes, sympathetic classmates gave me looks of concern. They knew my illness was legitimate because this day was the day I missed the lunchtime kickball game for the first time ever. I tried to talk myself out of getting sick because I hate the way I feel when I vomit.

The Effects of Missing Letters to the Reading Comprehension

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY (CvSU) DON SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS CAMPUS Indang, Cavite ( (046) 415-0021 ( (046) 415-0012 E-mail: [email  protected] com â€Å"The Effects of Missing Letters to the Reading Comprehension of 2nd year IT Students of Cavite State University† In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Subject Experimental Psychology Prepared By: Ersando, Shalom G. Suansing, Glenda Mae E. March 2012 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA Shalom G. Ersando was born in J. P Rizal Memorial Hospital Dasmarinas Cavite on January 15, 1994. She is now residing at Brgy. Cabezas, Trece Martires City,Cavite.She is the eldest among the two siblings of late Mr. Carlito B. Ersando and Mrs. Victoria G. Ersando. She finished her elementary at Palawit Elementary School at Brgy. Cabezas Trece Martires City,Cavite in 2006. She completed her secondary at Tanza National Trade School at Paradahan I Tanza Cavite. At Present she is now taking up Bachelor of Science in Psychology at Cavite State University Inda ng Cavite. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA Glenda Mae Suansing was born on August 23, 1994. She is the second child of Nerissa and Alexander Suansing. She is currently residing at St. Michael Village, Sungay East, Tagaytay City.She has two siblings, Glen Mark and Gladys Suansing. She graduated her elementary at Tagaytay Elementary School. She was a consistent character awardee. She finished her secondary education at Tagaytay City Science National High School. She is currently studying at Cavite State University taking up Bachelor of Science in Psychology. After graduating college she is planning to pursue Industrial Pschology. She wants to become a Human Resource Practitioner. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This experimental research will not be complete without encouragement,assistance,support and inspiration proved by several people.The authors wish to express their sincerest appreciation and gratitude to the following persons who helped in the realization of this piece of work; To Ms. Alodia Mercado, our adv iser for her sound academic guidance and moral support which enabled her to pursue this study; To Ms. Alma Fatima Reyes, for her useful comments and suggestions that improved the study; To Ms. Ivy Valerie Garcia for letting the researchers use her laptop; To To the family of the researchers,for their love and support they gave me throughout the study; My greatest praise and honor to our Lord Almighty who guided me through my most difficult moments and problems.ABSTRACT SUANSING GLENDA MAE, ERSANDO SHALOM â€Å"The Effects of Missing Letter to the Reading Comprehension of 2nd year IT Students of Cavite State University. † Experimental Research. Bachelor of Science in Psychology. Cavite State University. March 2012, under the supervision of Ms. Alma Fatima Reyes. As reading plays an important role in our lives, reading comprehension is important for human progress. This experimental research proposes to investigate the effects of missing letters to the reading comprehension of students. The research is conducted at Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite.Fifteen respondents were needed for the Pre-test and the Post-test. Same person will be taking the Pre-test and Post-test. All fifteen respondents are 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University. The general objective of the study was to determine the Reading Comprehension of Students with missing letters. Specifically, the study aimed to determine if there was a difference between the scores obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post- Test. Data and information were gathered through the help of the respondents by answering the questionnaires regarding to their Reading Comprehension Skills provided by the researchers.TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL SHEET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIOGRAPHICAL DATA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGM ENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Significance of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scope and Limitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition of Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theoretical Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conceptual Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sampling Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research Instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Gathering Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LIST OF TABLES †¢ Table 1. A Distribution Table of the Pre-test Scores †¢ Table 2. A Distribution Table of the Post-test Scores †¢ Table 3. Difference of Pre-test and Post-test Scores LIST OF FIGURES †¢ Figure 1. Parallel Letter Recognition †¢ Figure 2. Research Paradigm †¢ Figure 3. Graphic Representation of Pre-test Scores †¢ Figure 4. Graphic Representation of Post-test Scores LIST OF APPENDICES †¢ Budgetary Estimates (Appendix A) †¢ Calendar of Activities (Appendix B) †¢ Instrument (Appendix C) †¢ Statistical Analysis of Data (Appendix D) †¢ Curriculum Vitae (Appendix E) THE EFFECTS OF MISSING LETTERS TO THE READING COMPREHENSION OF 2nd YEAR IT STUDENTS OF CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY† Glenda Mae Suansing Shalom Ersando | An experimental research prepared to the faculty of the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, College of | |Arts and Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang Cavite in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Experimental Psychology| |with Contribution No. ER1. Prepared under the supervision of Ms. Alma Fatima Reyes. | INTRODUCTION Reading is a cognitive process of decoding characters or symbols in order to create a meaning.It is a means of communicating and sharing of information. We do it automatically. It requires development, practice and understanding. When we read, we use our eyes to receive written symbols such as letters and we use our brain to convert them into words, sentences and paragraphs that communicate something to us. Many people read books, newspapers, magazines, comic books, etc. It is considered as a daily routine of other people who loved to read. Readers integrate the words they have read into their existing framework of knowledge or schema.Reading helps a lot in our vocabulary. It wi dens our knowledge about words. Sometimes when we encountered unfamiliar words we can’t understand it, but when we encountered the same word we already knew what its meaning because we’ve read it already read it in the past. Reading also helps us in communicating in many way for example say, your job or any job for that matter, and you need to read a contract for business purposes or even if you work at a supermarket, don’t you need to know how to read in order to send the food that a person get to the right address.So as you see reading is just an element we need for day to day life. Statement of the Problem The study aimed to determine the reading comprehension of students with missing letters. 1. What is the highest rating of the scores obtained in the Pre-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University? 2. What is the highest rating of the scores obtained in the Post-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University? 3. Is there a significant difference between the scores obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post-test? . Do the missing letters affect the reading comprehension of students? Objectives Generally, the study aimed to determine if there is a significant difference between reading with missing letters and reading with complete letters. Specifically, the study aimed to: 1. to determine the highest rating of the scores obtained in the Pre-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University. 2. to determine the highest rating of the scores obtained in the Post-test by the 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University. 3. o determine if there is a significant difference between the scores obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post-test. 4. to determine the effects of missing letters to the reading comprehension of students. Hypotheses Ha: There is a significant difference between reading the words with missing letters and reading with complete letter s in the comprehension of the students. Ho: There is no significant difference between reading the words with missing letters and reading with complete letters in the comprehension of the students. Significance of the StudyThis study will benefit the following beneficiaries: Respondents This study will help the respondents to be familiarized in this type of reading. The respondents will also enhance their vocabulary. Community This study will be a great help for the community in order for the people to be aware in this style of reading. School This study will benefit the school by teaching this style of reading not only for students but also for the teachers. Future Researchers This study will be a guide for the future researchers in order for them to have a background regarding to this study.This will also serve as their related literature. Scope and Limitation This study is about on how the students read and understand the meaning of a word if there is a missing letter on the word . This study will also test the vocabulary of the students. This study only involves 2nd year IT students of Cavite State University. It is composed of 15 respondents from IT students. The study also limits the short period time given to conduct this research. Definition of Terms These are some terms used in the study: Cognitive Psychology – it is the study of internal and external processes of the brainWord Superiority Effect – refers to the increase in efficiency of letter identification within words Reading Comprehension – level of understanding when reading Pattern Recognition – organization of stimuli Pre-Test – test given before the Post-test Post-Test – test given after the Pre- test Schema – past experiences Treatment – levels of the independent variable Theoretical Framework This study justified the Parallel Letter Recognition. It is the model that most psychologists currently accept as most accurate is the parallel le tter recognition model.This model says that the letters within a word are recognized simultaneously, and the letter information is used to recognize the words. This is a very active area of research and there are many specific models that fit into this general category. The figure below is one popular formulation of this model. [pic] Figure 1: Parallel Letter Recognition Figure 1 shows a generic activation based parallel letter recognition model. In this example, the reader is seeing the word  work. Each of the stimulus letters are processed simultaneously.The first step of processing is recognizing the features of the individual letters, such as horizontal lines, diagonal lines, and curves. The details of this level are not critical for our purposes. These features are then sent to the letter detector level, where each of the letters in the stimulus word are recognized simultaneously. The letter level then sends activation to the word detector level. The  W  in the first lett er detector position sends activation to all the words that have a  W  in the first position (WORD  and  WORK).The  O  in the second letter detector position sends activation to all the words that have an  O  in the second position (FORK,  WORD, and  WORK). While  FORK  and  WORD  have activation from three of the four letters,  WORK  has the most activation because it has all four letters activated, and is thus the recognized word. Conceptual Framework Fig. 2 This study aimed to know the difference between the Pre-test and Post-test scores of the students in their reading comprehension. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents the related topics and studies regarding this study. It also presents the synthesis of all the topics.Pattern Recognition Our ability to recognize familiar types of things is a spectacular human characteristic. This attribute allows us to recognize an old friend in a sea of faces, to identify an entire musical theme f rom a few notes, to read words, to enjoy the taste of a vintage wine, or to appreciate the smell of a rose. It is a cognitive endowment that we mostly perform seamlessly, rapidly, and without much effort. In our everyday life, we use pattern recognition all the time, yet the cognitive structures which support pattern recognition are only recently understood. Cognitive Psychology, 6th edition, Robert Solso, p. 109) Researchers have discovered that top-down processing can influence our ability to recognize a variety of objects. It also influences our ability to recognize letters during reading. Most of the research on this topic examines how context helps us recognize letters of the alphabet. Psychologists who study reading have realized for decades that a theory of recognition would be inadequate if it were based only as the information in the stimulus. (Cognition, 5th edition, Margaret Mathin, p. 42) Immediacy of InterpretationOne of the important principles to emerge in studied of language processing is called the principle of immediacy of interpretation. Basically this principle says that people try to extract as much meaning out of each word as it arrives, and they do not wait until the end of sentences or even the ends of phrases to decide or how to interpret a word. For instance, Just and Carpenter (1980) studied the eye movements of subjects as they read a sentence. While reading a sentence, subjects will typically fixate or almost every word. Just and Carpenter find that the time subjects spend fixating or word is basically proportional to the amount of information provided by a word. Thus, if a sentence contain or relatively unfamiliar or a surprising word, they pause in that word. (Cognitive Psychology & Its Interpretation,John R. Anderson) Reading Comprehension Reading comprehension is a complex undertaking that involves many levels of processing. One of the most fundamental aspects of comprehension is the ability to deal with unfamiliar words encoun tered in text. Readers who struggle with word-level tasks use up valuable cognitive space that could be allotted to deeper levels of text analysis.It is not enough to rely on context cues to predict the meaning of new words, since this strategy often results in erroneous or superficial understandings of key terms, especially in content-area reading (Paynter, Bodrova, & Doty, 2005). Mature readers need to possess a basic knowledge of â€Å"how words work† and a set of strategies for approaching new words encountered throughout the day. (http://www. edu. gov. on. ca/eng/research/mcquirter. pdf) How word knowledge affects reading comprehension Vocabulary knowledge is one of the best predictors of reading achievement (Richek, 2005).Bromley (2004), in a comprehensive review of research on vocabulary development, concludes that vocabulary knowledge promotes reading fluency, boosts reading comprehension, improves academic achievement, and enhances thinking and communication. Spellin g is also an important consideration in reading comprehension. The concepts about sound patterns that children learn in the early years through invented spelling and direct spelling instruction help them to decode new words in their reading. As they mature and begin to spell longer and more complex words, children apply the concepts of base words, prefixes, and suffixes to their spelling.This knowledge of morphology, in turn, helps them to deconstruct longer words encountered in their reading. Templeton (2004) argues that spelling knowledge provides the basis for explicit awareness and understanding of morphology, which, in turn, may guide the systematic growth of vocabulary knowledge. Considering the strength of vocabulary knowledge in predicting reading achievement, the complex interrelationships among these areas are significant. (http://www. edu. gov. on. ca/eng/research/mcquirter. pdf) Missing letter effectIn cognitive psychology, the missing letter effect refers to the finding that, when people are asked to consciously detect target letters while reading text, they miss more letters in frequent, function words (e. g. the letter â€Å"t† in â€Å"the†) than in less frequent, content words. The missing letter effect has also been referred to as the reverse word superiority effect, since it describes a phenomenon where letters in more frequent words fail to be identified, instead of letter identification benefitting from increased word frequency.The effect is usually measured using a paper-and-pencil procedure, where readers are asked to circle a target letter every time they come across it while reading a short passage. The missing letter effect is more likely to appear when reading words that are part of a normal sequence, than when words are embedded in a mixed-up sequence (e. g. readers asked to read backwards). The missing-letter effect for common function words It has been proposed that function words such as for and on conceal their let ters because their higher familiarity allows fast access to their unitized representations.However, this study shows that letter detection in function words varies with their linguistic role in text. When such words were embedded in a phrase where they were forced into a content role by the surrounding context (e. g. , for or against or on switch ), letter detection improved markedly and did not differ from that of matched content words. The result was replicated when the context preceding the function word and the overall sentential meaning were equated for both function and content usages.The results support a late-stage structural account of the function-disadvantage effect, where the syntactic units that support the structural frame of a sentence are lost in the transition from structure to meaning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) Word superiority effect In cognitive psychology, the word superiority effect (WSE) refers to the phenomenon that people a re more accurate in recognizing a letter in the context of a word than they are when a letter is presented in isolation, or when a letter is presented within a nonword (e. g. â€Å"WXRG†).Studies have also found a WSE when letter identification within words is compared to letter identification within pseudowords. (e. g. â€Å"WOSK†) and (e. g. â€Å"WERK†). The effect was first described by Cattell (1886), and important contributions came from Reicher (1969) and Wheeler (1970) . The WSE has since been exhaustively studied in the context of cognitive processes involved during reading. Large amounts of research have also been done to try to model the effect using connectionist networks. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Word_superiority_effect) Several studies have shown a correlation between working memory and reading comprehension.Daneman and Carpenter (1980) used a dine-task procedure in which both tasks (reading and remembering) use a single verbal memory state. A compromise position suggests that the phonological component of working memory acts as a sort of back-up memory. When sentences are short or easily comprehended it is not needed with syntactically more complex or lengthy sentences processing may lay behind the input and so the representation in the phonological store needs to be consulted. (McCarthy and Worrington, 1990) Transfer to Long Term MemoryVerbal rehearsals may be necessary in acquiring some kinds of knowledge such as learning new vocabulary words. New words need to be first remembered by sound like a representation cannot be retrieved to long term memory. Ebbinghaus discovered another unique findings the serial position effect. It can be found in memory for lists even when serial anticipation is not required. Working Memory Working memory  has been defined as the system which actively holds information in the mind to do verbal and nonverbal tasks such as reasoning and comprehension, and to make it available for furthe r information processing.Working memory tasks are those that require the goal-oriented active monitoring or manipulation of information or behaviors in the face of interfering processes and distractions. The cognitive processes involved include the  executive  and  attention  control of  short-term memory  which provide for the interim integration, processing, disposal, and retrieval of information. Working memory is a theoretical concept central both to  cognitive psychology  and  neuroscience. Synthesis We use pattern recognition in our daily lives, most likely in reading in how we recognize letters.It is an ability where only humans can do. One of the most widely demonstrated phenomena in the research on recognition is the Word Superiority Effect. According to the word superiority effect, we can identify a single letter more accurately and more rapidly when it appears in a word that it appears alone by itself or in a string or same letter. As we are reading a bo ok or any reading material, our brain process the meaning of a word. It is naturally done by our brain. By the help of our schema or past experiences, when we encountered a familiar word, we can easily recognize it.But it's quite difficult for us to understand the meaning of a word if we never encountered it in our past. METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the researchers will describe the research design, sampling technique, respondents, research instrument, data gathering procedure and the statistical analysis that they used. Research Design The research design that the researchers used was the Within Subject Design. A within-subjects design is a type of experimental design in which all participants are exposed to every treatment or condition. For the Pre-test, the respondents we’ll be not exposed to treatment.For the Post-test, the students will be now exposed to the treatment which is the missing letters in the passage. Psychologists often use them to test the relative effective ness of a new treatment, often a difficult proposition. One of the greatest advantages of a within-subjects design is that it does not require a large pool of participants. Generally, a similar experiment in a between-subjects design would require twice as many participants as a within-subjects design. A within-subjects design can also help reduce errors associated with individual differences.In a between-subjects design where individuals are randomly assigned to a treatment condition, there is still a possibility that there may be fundamental differences between the groups that might impact the results. In a within-subjects design, individuals are exposed to all levels of a condition, so the results will not be distorted by individual differences. Each participant serves as his or her own baseline. Design Notation O1XO2 O1 = Pre-test O2 = Post-test X = Treatment (Missing Letters) Sampling Technique Random sampling method was used.The researchers used the table of random sampling fo r choosing the respondents. The respondents were 2nd year IT students of Cavite State University. In random sample, each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. If more than one individual is to be selected for the sample, there must be constant probability for each and every selection. Respondents The researchers need 15 students for pre-test and post-test. Same person were taking the pre-test and post-test. Research Instrument The instrument that the researchers used was a test questionnaire. The est questionnaire is composed of a short passage or story and then it is followed by a 10 item question. Treatment For the first passage in the pre-test, a normal passage with complete letters is given. For the post-test, the passage contains words with missing letters. This treatment will be given to 15 respondents. This will tests if it is good or effective to use. Data Gathering Procedure The researchers need to provide questionnaires for the respondents reg arding to their Reading Comprehension skills. The researchers need to provide questionnaires until they meet the minimum ( 15) respondents.After that Pre-test will be given in the respondents. And the post-test will be given to know if missing letters will affect the Reading Comprehension of the respondents. Statistical Analysis The researchers used the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is a non-parametric statistical test for testing hypothesis on median. It is used when we wish to compare two sets of scores that come from the same participants. This can occur when we wish to investigate any change in scores from one time point to another or individuals are subjected to more than one condition.As the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test does not assume normality in the data it can be used when this assumption has been violated and the use of the  dependent t-test  is inappropriate. The advantage with Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is that it neither depends on the form of the parent distribution nor on its parameters. It does not require any assumptions about the shape of the distribution. For computing the mean, the researchers used the formula below. The researchers summed up all the scores and divided the total by the number of scores. [pic] Where: [pic] is the symbol for the mean [pic] is the symbol for summationX is the symbol for the scores N is the symbol for the number of scores For computing the standard deviation, the researchers used the formula: [pic] Where: S is the symbol for standard deviation [pic] is the value of the mean [pic] is the symbol for summation Xi represents each data value from i=1 to i=N.. N is the sample size RESULTS and DISCUSSION This chapter contains the analysis and interpretation of the results that we have gathered. The results gathered were organized, tabularized, discussed and analyzed in this section. The table contains the scores obtained by the students in the Pre-test and Post-Test.Table 1. A Distribution table of the Pre-test scores |Rating |Frequency(f) |Percentage(%) | |Excellent |0 |0 | |Very Good |4 |26. 7 | |Good |8 |46. 7 | |Poor 3 |26. 7 | |Total |15 |100 | |Mean |2. 0 | | |Standard Deviation |0. 75593 | | |Verbal Interpretation |Poor | | Legend: Poor 0-3; Good 4-5; Very Good 6-7; Excellent 8-10. Table one shows the pre-test scores by 2nd year IT students of Cavite State University. Out of fifteen students, 3 or 26. 7% of the students got Poor rating; 8 or 46. 7% of the students got Good rating; 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Very Good rating; and no one got Excellent rating. According to Anderson and Freebody (1981), it is well established that good comprehenders tend to have good vocabularies. This correlation, however, does not mean that teaching vocabulary will increase readers’ comprehension, for that is a causal conclusion.As it turns out, however, when reading educators conducted experiments in which vocabulary was either taught to students or not, compre hension improved as a function of vocabulary instruction. In the pre-test, the researchers included some difficult or unfamiliar words that the researchers think the students didn’t encounter before. As shown in the pre-test scores, the respondents tend to have poor reading comprehension and vocabulary. The low scores they got was a proof that if a word is unfamiliar and unrecognizable you can’t easily understand it. Table 2. A Distribution table of Post-Test Scores Rating |Frequency(f) |Percentage(%) | |Excellent |4 |26. 7 | |Very Good |3 |20 | |Good |4 |26. 7 | |Poor |4 |26. | |Total |15 |100 | |Mean |2. 5 | | |Standard Deviation |1. 18723 | | |Verbal Interpretation |Poor | | Legend: Poor 0-3; Good 4-5; Very Good 6-7; Excellent 8-10. Table 2 shows the post-test scores from the same students who took the pre-test. Out of fifteen students, 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Poor rating; 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Good rating; 3 or 20% of the students got Very Goo d rating; and 4 or 26. 7% of the students got Excellent rating. According to a research study, there are much more effective ways to teach comprehension. Much work has been done in the area of teaching novice readers a bank of â€Å"reading strategies,† or tools to interpret and analyze text.There is not a definitive set of strategies, but common ones include summarizing what you have read, monitoring your reading to make sure it is still making sense, and analyzing the structure of the text. Some texts, like in philosophy, literature or scientific research, may appear more difficult to read because of the prior knowledge they assume. Because the texts were unfamiliar, readers don’t understand it. Analysis of research findings reveal that if a reader is to become very good at comprehending what he reads he must meet two principal learning requirements. They must: (1. know words; and (2. ) be able to reason with physical text. In the post-test, the treatment was adminis tered. Some words in the passage have missing letters. According to Just and Carpenter (1980), who studied the eye movements when reading, if a sentence contains unfamiliar words, the reader will pause in that word. Thus, when the respondents were reading the passage, whey saw the words with missing letters, they paused as their brain processed to recognize that word. The respondents extract meaning to that word as they read it. Table 3. Difference of Pre-test and Post-Test Scores Rating |Pre test frequency |Post-test frequency | |Excellent |0 |4 | |Very Good |4 |4 | |Good |8 |3 | |Poor |3 |4 | |Total Mean |2. 0 |2. 5 | *Legend: Poor 0-3; Good 4-5; Very Good 6-7; Excellent 8-10. Table 3 shows the difference of pre-test and post-test scores. As a whole, it shows that most of the students got high scores in the post-test. The total mean scores of the students in the pre-test is 2. 0 which is equivalent to Poor rating. The total mean of scores of students in the post-test is 2. wh ich is equivalent to Poor rating also. Thus, there is a 0. 5 difference in the mean scores. After computing the difference of the pre-test and post-test scores using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, the result of the asymptotic significance is 0. 01. Thus, the researchers should reject Ho because the result of asymptotic significance of the study is less than 0. 050. The results have showed that the students were more capable in answering the passage with missing letters. The results gathered by the researchers showed that the missing letters affect the reading comprehension of the students. It positively helped the students to understand well the passage.According to Paynter, Bodrova and Doty (2005), one of the most fundamental aspects of comprehension is the ability to deal with unfamiliar words encountered in text. In the passage, maybe the students have encountered it before so that they understand the passage. Readers who struggle with word-level tasks use up valuable cognitive space that could be allotted to deeper levels of text analysis. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The summary provides comprehensible summary on how the study was conducted. It also presents the list of findings, state the conclusion and some of the recommendations. Summary The study aimed to determine whether there are differences between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters.Specifically, the study aimed to 1) determine the rating of IT students in the Pre-test; 2) determine the rating of IT students in the Post-test; 3) determine the significant difference between the scores obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post-test; 4) determine the effect of missing letters to the reading comprehension of the students. The researcher conducted their study at Cavite State University from February 17 to March 8, 2012. The researcher used the within subject design for their study. The researcher used random sampling method where they used the table of random numbers to choose their respondents. Their respondents were 2nd year BS IT students, 15 students in pre-test and another 15 students in post-test. The researchers used a survey test questionnaire that was composed of a short passage and followed by 10 questions.The formula to determine the level of students in Pre-test was frequency tallies and percentage. The formula used to determine the level of reading comprehension in Post-test was also frequency tallies and percentage. In determining the significant difference between the Pre-test and Post-test scores, the formula that the researchers used was Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The findings resolved that there is a significant difference between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters. From the asymptotic significance obtained from the pre-test and post-test we should reject Ho and accept Ha. Conclusions Based on the findings and the data gathered the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Based on the scores of the respondents in the pre-test, the respondents got the highest rating of Very Good which ranges from 0-7. The students were not familiar to the words in the passage. The researchers conclude that those words were not in their long term memory so it was hard for the respondents to understand the passage; 2. )Based on the scores of the respondents in the post-test, the respondents got the highest rating of Excellent which ranges from 8-10. Thus, the student’s performance was excellent and they meet the highest rating compared to the pre-test. The respondents could really read fairly well even if only half of the letters are present; 3. )Based on the mean scores of the students, there is a 0. difference between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters. The researchers conclude that the treatment, which is the missing letters, is effective in reading comprehension. As the results showed, post-test is higher than the pre-test. Thus, there is a sig nificant difference between reading with complete letters and reading with missing letters; 4. )Missing Letters affect the reading comprehension of the students. The researchers conclude that it is effective to use. Based on the scores the respondents achieved, post-test scores were higher than the pre-test scores. Thus, the students understood the passage with missing letters. RecommendationsBased on the results of the study, the researchers highly recommend the following: Students. To the students, they should use this type of reading as a practice for them in reading comprehension and for their vocabulary. Teachers. To the teachers, the researchers recommend to use this type of reading to increase their inferential comprehension. Future Researchers. To anybody who wants to pursue the same study or related to this study this will help to improve the student’s style of reading. The researchers also recommend having further study regarding this study and they should also use larger amount of participants/respondents to show the comparison in our study. APPENDICES Budgetary Estimates (Appendix A) |Cost | |Print |100 | |Computer Rent |250 | |Transportation |100 | |Total |450 Php | Calendar of Activities (Appendix B) February 13 – Chapters 1,2,3February 13,14,15 Instrumentation February 17 to March 8 – Conducting of experimental research Data Gathering March 15 – Data Analysis March 19 – Chapter 4,5 March 21 – Chapter 1,2,3,4,5 March 26,27 – Poster Presentation April 10 – Soft Bound Statistical Analysis of Data (Appendix D) Frequencies pre test level |Statistics | |Level | |N |Valid |15 | | |Missing |0 | | |Mean |2. 0000 | | |Std. Error of Mean |. 19518 | | |Std.Deviation |. 75593 | | |Minimum |1. 00 | | |Maximum |3. 00 | |level | | | |Level | |N |Valid |15 | | |Missing |0 | | |Mean |2. 5333 | | |Std. Error of Mean |. 30654 | | |Std. Deviation |1. 18723 | | |Minimum |1. 0 | | |Maximum |4. 00 | |le vel | | | | | | | |N |Mean Rank |Sum of Ranks | |level – group |Negative Ranks |4a |8. 00 |32. 00 | | |Positive Ranks |19b |12. 84 |244. 0 | | |Ties |7c | | | | |Total |30 | | | |a. level ; group | |b. level ; group | |c. level = group | |Test Statisticsb | | |level – group | | Z |-3. 351a | |Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) |. 001 | |a. Based on negative ranks. | |b.Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test | Curriculum Vitae ( Appendix F ) Contact Information Name: Glenda Mae Suansing Address: St. Michael Village, Sungay East, Tagaytay City Contact Number: 09159727469 E-mail Address: [email  protected] com Personal Information Date of Birth: August 23, 1994 Place of Birth: Indang, Cavite Citizenship: Filipino Gender: Female Educational Attainment Primary Tagaytay Elementary School Secondary Tagaytay City Science National High School College Cavite State University Bachelor of Science in Psychology Interests: Playing guitar, Reading books, Watching films Contact Information Name: Shalom E rsando Address: Brgy.Cabezas Trece Martires City Contact Number: 09107232128 E-mail Address: [email  protected] com Personal Information Date of Birth: January 15 1994 Place of Birth: Dasmarinas Cavite Citizenship: Filipino Gender: Female Educational Attainment Primary Palawit Elementary School Secondary Tanza National Trade School College Cavite State University Bachelor of Science in Psychology Interests: Reading books, watching movie, Hanging with friends and playing badminton INSTRUMENT (Pre-test) INSTRUMENT (Post-test) ———————– Reading Comprehension of 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University Post-test Scores Missing Letters (treatment) Pre-test Scores